time framed_timeframe的中文翻译

time framed_timeframe的中文翻译

       非常感谢大家对time framed问题集合的贡献。我会努力给出简明扼要的回答，并根据需要提供一些具体实例来支持我的观点，希望这能给大家带来一些新的思路。

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急求钢结构论文并带翻译

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       <英文版> Talling building and Steel construction

       Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general. Spectacular archievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.

       The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing.Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes.The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structual systems.

       Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit.Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions,ceilings.and other architectural details. In addition,excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because their perception of such motion.Structural systems of reinforced concrete,as well as steel,take full advantage of inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore require additional stiffening to limit the sway.

       In a steel structure,for example,the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building.Curve A in Fig .1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame.Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium.

       Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.

       Frame with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses,a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building(1974) in Milwaukee.

       Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffness,to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column element can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center building in New York

       Column-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members interesting at the centre line of the columns and beams. This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Centre in Chicago, using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building.

       Bundled tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tube, bundled at the base of the building in three rows. Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft(442m), is the world’s tallest building.

       Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind and earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement ) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the fa?ade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area.

       Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin fa?ade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns andspandrel beams are standard rolled shapes,minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittburgh.

       Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive chanllenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.

       Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building ,exterior columns were spaced at 5.5ft (1.68m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in . -thick (20-m) flat-plate concrete slabs.

       Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (Fig .2), known as the tube-in-tube system , made it possible to design the world’s present tallest (714ft or 218m)lightweight concrete building ( the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories.

       Systems combining both concrete and steel have also been developed, an examle of which is the composite system developed by skidmore, Owings &Merril in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems. The 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system.

       Steel construction refers to a broad range of building construction in which steel plays the leading role. Most steel construction consists of large-scale buildings or engineering works, with the steel generally in the form of beams, girders, bars, plates, and other members shaped through the hot-rolled process. Despite the increased use of other materials, steel construction remained a major outlet for the steel industries of the U.S, U.K, U.S.S.R, Japan, West German, France, and other steel producers in the 1970s

       Early history. The history of steel construction begins paradoxically several decades before the introduction of the Bessemer and the Siemens-Martin (openj-hearth) processes made it possible to produce steel in quantities sufficient for structure use. Many of problems of steel construction were studied earlier in connection with iron construction, which began with the Coalbrookdale Bridge, built in cast iron over the Severn River in England in 1777. This and subsequent iron bridge work, in addition to the construction of steam boilers and iron ship hulls , spurred the development of techniques for fabricating, designing, and jioning. The advantages of iron over masonry lay in the much smaller amounts of material required. The truss form, based on the resistance of the triangle to deformation, long used in timber, was translated effectively into iron, with cast iron being used for compression members-i.e, those bearing the weight of direct loading-and wrought iron being used for tension members-i.e, those bearing the pull of suspended loading.

       The technique for passing iron, heated to the plastic state, between rolls to form flat and rounded bars, was developed as early as 1800;by 1819 angle irons were rolled; and in 1849 the first I beams, 17.7 feet (5.4m) long , were fabricated as roof girders for a Paris railroad station.

       Two years later Joseph Paxton of England built the Crystal Palace for the London Exposition of 1851. He is said to have conceived the idea of cage construction-using relatively slender iron beams as a skeleton for the glass walls of a large, open structure. Resistance to wind forces in the Crystal palace was provided by diagonal iron rods. Two feature are particularly important in the history of metal construction; first, the use of latticed girder, which are small trusses, a form first developed in timber bridges and other structures and translated into metal by Paxton ; and second, the joining of wrought-iron tension members and cast-iron compression members by means of rivets inserted while hot.

       In 1853 the first metal floor beams were rolled for the Cooper Union Building in New York. In the light of the principal market demand for iron beams at the time, it is not surprising that the Cooper Union beams closely resembled railroad rails.

       The development of the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes in the 1850s and 1860s suddenly open the way to the use of steel for structural purpose. Stronger than iron in both tension and compression ,the newly available metal was seized on by imaginative engineers, notably by those involved in building the great number of heavy railroad bridges then in demand in Britain, Europe, and the U.S.

       A notable example was the Eads Bridge, also known as the St. Louis Bridge, in St. Louis (1867-1874), in which tubular steel ribs were used to form arches with a span of more than 500ft (152.5m). In Britain, the Firth of Forth cantilever bridge (1883-90) employed tubular struts, some 12 ft (3.66m) in diameter and 350 ft (107m) long. Such bridges and other structures were important in leading to the development and enforcement of standards and codification of permissible design stresses. The lack of adequate theoretical knowledge, and even of an adequate basis for theoretical studies, limited the value of stress analysis during the early years of the 20th century,as iccasionally failures,such as that of a cantilever bridge in Quebec in 1907,revealed.But failures were rare in the metal-skeleton office buildings;the simplicity of their design proved highly practical even in the absence of sophisticated analysis techniques. Throughout the first third of the century, ordinary carbon steel, without any special alloy strengthening or hardening, was universally used.

       The possibilities inherent in metal construction for high-rise building was demonstrated to the world by the Paris Exposition of 1889.for which Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, a leading French bridge engineer, erected an openwork metal tower 300m (984 ft) high. Not only was the height-more than double that of the Great Pyramid-remarkable, but the speed of erection and low cost were even more so, a small crew completed the work in a few months.

       The first skyscrapers. Meantime, in the United States another important development was taking place. In 1884-85 Maj. William Le Baron Jenney, a Chicago engineer , had designed the Home Insurance Building, ten stories high, with a metal skeleton. Jenney’s beams were of Bessemer steel, though his columns were cast iron. Cast iron lintels supporting masonry over window openings were, in turn, supported on the cast iron columns. Soild masonry court and party walls provided lateral support against wind loading. Within a decade the same type of construction had been used in more than 30 office buildings in Chicago and New York. Steel played a larger and larger role in these , with riveted connections for beams and columns, sometimes strengthened for wind bracing by overlaying gusset plates at the junction of vertical and horizontal members. Light masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level, replaced the old heavy masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level , replaced the oldheavy masonry.

       Though the new construction form was to remain centred almost entirely in America for several decade, its impact on the steel industry was worldwide. By the last years of the 19th century, the basic structural shapes-I beams up to 20 in. ( 0.508m) in depth and Z and T shapes of lesser proportions were readily available, to combine with plates of several widths and thicknesses to make efficient members of any required size and strength. In 1885 the heaviest structural shape produced through hot-rolling weighed less than 100 pounds (45 kilograms) per foot; decade by decade this figure rose until in the 1960s it exceeded 700 pounds (320 kilograms) per foot.

       Coincident with the introduction of structural steel came the introduction of the Otis electric elevator in 1889. The demonstration of a safe passenger elevator, together with that of a safe and economical steel construction method, sent building heights soaring. In New York the 286-ft (87.2-m) Flatiron Building of 1902 was surpassed in 1904 by the 375-ft (115-m) Times Building ( renamed the Allied Chemical Building) , the 468-ft (143-m) City Investing Company Building in Wall Street, the 612-ft (187-m) Singer Building (1908), the 700-ft (214-m) Metropolitan Tower (1909) and, in 1913, the 780-ft (232-m) Woolworth Building.

       The rapid increase in height and the height-to-width ratio brought problems. To limit street congestion, building setback design was prescribed. On the technical side, the problem of lateral support was studied. A diagonal bracing system, such as that used in the Eiffel Tower, was not architecturally desirable in offices relying on sunlight for illumination. The answer was found in greater reliance on the bending resistance of certain individual beams and columns strategically designed into the skeletn frame, together with a high degree of rigidity sought at the junction of the beams and columns. With today’s modern interior lighting systems, however, diagonal bracing against wind loads has returned; one notable example is the John Hancock Center in Chicago, where the external X-braces form a dramatic part of the structure’s fa?ade.

       World War I brought an interruption to the boom in what had come to be called skyscrapers (the origin of the word is uncertain), but in the 1920s New York saw a resumption of the height race, culminating in the Empire State Building in the 1931. The Empire State’s 102 stories (1,250ft. [381m]) were to keep it established as the hightest building in the world for the next 40 years. Its speed of the erection demonstrated how thoroughly the new construction technique had been mastered. A depot across the bay at Bayonne, N.J., supplied the girders by lighter and truck on a schedule operated with millitary precision; nine derricks powerde by electric hoists lifted the girders to position; an industrial-railway setup moved steel and other material on each floor. Initial connections were made by bolting , closely followed by riveting, followed by masonry and finishing. The entire job was completed in one year and 45 days.

       The worldwide depression of the 1930s and World War II provided another interruption to steel construction development, but at the same time the introduction of welding to replace riveting provided an important advance.

       Joining of steel parts by metal are welding had been successfully achieved by the end of the 19th century and was used in emergency ship repairs during World War I, but its application to construction was limited until after World War II. Another advance in the same area had been the introduction of high-strength bolts to replace rivets in field connections.

       Since the close of World War II, research in Europe, the U.S., and Japan has greatly extended knowledge of the behavior of different types of structural steel under varying stresses, including those exceeding the yield point, making possible more refined and systematic analysis. This in turn has led to the adoption of more liberal design codes in most countries, more imaginative design made possible by so-called plastic design ?The introduction of the computer by short-cutting tedious paperwork, made further advances and savings possible.

钱猪的原文

       Marbury v. Madison (1803)（《马伯里诉麦迪逊案》英文稿）（上）

       约翰·马歇尔文 发表：选自Info USA/2001年4月；学术交流网/美国历史文献/2002年11月4日转发

       Marbury v. Madison (1803)

       Just as George Washington helped shape the actual form that the executive branch would take, so the third chief justice, John Marshall, shaped the role that the courts would play.

       Under the administrations of Washington and his successor, John Adams, only members of the ruling Federalist Party were appointed to the bench, and under the terms of the Constitution, they held office for life during "good behavior." Thus, when the opposing Republicans won the election of 1800, the Jeffersonians found that while they controlled the presidency and Congress, the Federalists still dominated the judiciary. One of the first acts of the new administration was to repeal the Judiciary Act of 1800, which had created a number of new judgeships. Although President Adams had attempted to fill the vacancies prior to the end of his term, a number of commissions had not been delivered, and one of the appointees, William Marbury, sued Secretary of State James Madison to force him to deliver his commission as a justice of the peace.

       The new chief justice, John Marshall, understood that if the Court awarded Marbury a writ of mandamus (an order to force Madison to deliver the commission) the Jefferson administration would ignore it, and thus significantly weaken the authority of the courts. On the other hand, if the Court denied the writ, it might well appear that the justices had acted out of fear. Either case would be a denial of the basic principle of the supremacy of the law.

       Marshall's decision in this case has been hailed as a judicial tour de force. In essence, he declared that Madison should have delivered the commission to Marbury, but then held that the section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that gave the Supreme Court the power to issue writs of mandamus exceeded the authority allotted the Court under Article III of the Constitution, and was therefore null and void. Thus he was able to chastise the Jeffersonians and yet not create a situation in which a court order would be flouted.

       The critical importance of Marbury is the assumption of several powers by the Supreme Court. One was the authority to declare acts of Congress, and by implication acts of the president, unconstitutional if they exceeded the powers granted by the Constitution. But even more important, the Court became the arbiter of the Constitution, the final authority on what the document meant. As such, the Supreme Court became in fact as well as in theory an equal partner in government, and it has played that role ever since.

       The Court would not declare another act of Congress unconstitutional until 1857, and it has used that power sparingly. But through its role as arbiter of the Constitution, it has, especially in the twentieth century, been the chief agency for the expansion of individual rights. (See Part V.)For further reading: George L. Haskins and Herbert A. Johnson, Foundations of Power: John Marshall, 1801-1815 (1981); Donald O. Dewey, Marshall v. Jefferson: The Political Background of Marbury v. Madison (1970).

       Marbury v. Madison

       Chief Justice Marshall delivered the opinion of the Court.

       At the last term on the affidavits then read and filed with the clerk, a rule was granted in this case, requiring the Secretary of State to show cause why amandamus should not issue, directing him to deliver to William Marbury his commission as a justice of the peace for the county of Washington, in the district of Columbia.

       No cause has been shown, and the present motion is for a mandamus. The peculiar delicacy of this case, the novelty of some of its circumstances, and the real difficulty attending the points which occur in it, require a complete exposition of the principles on which the opinion to be given by the court is founded. . . .

       In the order in which the court has viewed this subject, the following questions have been considered and decided:

       1st. Has the applicant a right to the commission he demands?

       2d. If he has a right, and that right has been violated, do the laws of his country afford him a remedy?

       3d. If they do afford him a remedy, is it a mandamus issuing from this court?

       The first object of inquiry is -- 1st. Has the applicant a right to the commission he demands? . . .

       It [is] decidedly the opinion of the court, that when a commission has been signed by the president, the appointment is made; and that the commission is complete, when the seal of the United States has been affixed to it by the secretary of state. . . .

       To withhold his commission, therefore, is an act deemed by the court not warranted by law, but violative of a vested legal right This brings us to the second inquiry; which is 2dly. If he has a right, and that right has been violated, do the laws of his country afford him a remedy?

       The very essence of civil liberty certainly consists in the right of every individual to claim the protection of the laws, whenever he receives an injury. One of the first duties of government is to afford that protection.

       [The] government of the United States has been emphatically termed a government of laws, and not of men. It will certainly cease to deserve this high appellation, if the laws furnish no remedy for the violation of a vested legal right. . . .

       By the constitution of the United States, the President is invested with certain important political powers, in the exercise of which he is to use his own discretion, and is accountable only to his country in his political character, and to his own conscience. To aid him in the performance of these duties, he is authorized to appoint certain officers, who act by his authority and in conformity with his orders.

       In such cases, their acts are his acts; and whatever opinion may be entertained of the manner in which executive discretion may be used, still there exists, and can exist, no power to control that discretion. The subjects are political. They respect the nation, not individual rights, and beingentrusted to the executive, the decision of the executive is conclusive. . . .

       But when the legislature proceeds to impose on that officer other duties; when he is directed peremptorily to perform certain acts; when the rights of individuals are dependent on the performance of those acts; he is so far the officer of the law; is amenable to the laws for his conduct; and cannot at his discretion sport away the vested rights of others.

       The conclusion from this reasoning is, that where the heads of departments are the political or confidential agents of the executive, merely to execute the will of the President, or rather to act in cases in which the executive possesses a constitutional or legal discretion, nothing can be more perfectly clear than that their acts are only politically examinable. But where a specific duty is assigned by law, and individual rights depend upon the performance of that duty, it seems equally clear, that the individual who considers himself injured, has a right to resort to the laws of his country for a remedy. . . .

       It is, then, the opinion of the Court [that Marbury has a] right to the commission; a refusal to deliver which is a plain violation of that right, for which the laws of his country afford him a remedy.

       It remains to be enquired whether,

       3dly. He is entitled to the remedy for which he applies. This depends on --

       1st. The nature of the writ applied for, and,

       2dly. The power of this court.

       1st. The nature of the writ. . . .

       This, then, is a plain case for a mandamus, either to deliver the commission, or a copy of it from the record; and it only remains to be enquired,Whether it can issue from this court.

       （下接中篇，待续）

       Marbury v. Madison (1803)（《马伯里诉麦迪逊案》英文稿）（中）

       约翰·马歇尔文 发表：选自Info USA/2001年4月；学术交流网/美国历史文献/2002年11月4日转发

       Marbury v. Madison (1803)

       （上接上篇）

       The act to establish the judicial courts of the United States authorizes the Supreme Court "to issue writs of mandamus in cases warranted by the principles and usages of law, to any courts appointed, or persons holding office, under the authority of the United States."

       The Secretary of State, being a person holding an office under the authority of the United States, is precisely within the letter of the description; and if this court is not authorized to issue a writ of mandamus to such an officerit must be because the law is unconstitutional, and therefore incapable of conferring the authority, and assigning the duties which its words purport to confer and assign.

       The constitution vests the whole judicial power of the United States in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as congreess shall, from time to time,ordain and establish. This power is expressly extended to all cases arising under the laws of the United States; and, consequently, in some form, may be exercised over the present case; because the right claimed is given by a law of the United States.

       In the distribution of this power it is declared that "the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction in all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party. In all other cases, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction."

       It has been insisted, at the bar, that as the original grant of jurisdiction, to the supreme and inferior courts, is general, and the clause, assigning original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court, contains no negative or restrictive words, the power remains to the legislature, to assign original jurisdiction to that court in other cases than those specified in the article which has been recited; provided those cases belong to the judicial power of the United States.

       If it had been intended to leave it in the discretion of the legislature to apportion the judicial power between the supreme and inferior courts according to the will of that body, it would certainly have been useless to have proceeded further than to have defined the judicial power, and the tribunals in which it should be vested. The subsequent part of the section is mere surplusage, is entirely without meaning, if such is to be the construction. If congress remains at liberty to give this court appellate jurisdiction, where the constitution has declared their jurisdiction shall be original; and

       original jurisdiction where the constitution has declared it shall be appellate; the distribution of jurisdiction, made in the constitution, is form without substance.

       Affirmative words are often, in their operation, negative of other objects than those affirmed; and in this case, a negative or exclusive sense must be given to them or they have no operation at all.

       It cannot be presumed that any clause in the constitution is intended to be without effect; and, therefore, such a construction is inadmissible, unless the words require it.

       If the solicitude of the convention, respecting our peace with foreign powers, induced a provision that the supreme court should take original jurisdiction in cases which might be supposed to affect them; yet the clause would have proceeded no further than to provide for such cases, if no further restriction on the powers of congress had been intended. That they should have appellate jurisdiction in all other cases, with such exceptions as congress might make, is no restriction; unless the words be deemed exclusive of original jurisdiction.

       When an instrument organizing fundamentally a judicial system, divides it into one supreme, and so many inferior courts as the legislature may ordain and establish; then enumerates its powers, and proceeds so far to distribute them, as to define the jurisdiction of the supreme court by declaring the cases in which it shall take original jurisdiction, and that in others it shall take appellate jurisdiction; the plain import of the words seems to be, that in one class of cases its jurisdiction is original, and not appellate; in the other it is appellate, and not original. If any other construction would render the clause inoperative, that is an additional reason for rejecting such other construction, and for adhering to their obvious meaning.

       To enable this court, then, to issue a mandamus, it must be shown to be an exercise of appellate jurisdiction, or to be necessary to enable them to exercise appellate jurisdiction.

       It has been stated at the bar that the appellate jurisdiction may be exercised in a variety of forms, and that if it be the will of the legislature that a mandamus should be used for that purpose, that will must be obeyed. This is true, yet the jurisdiction must be appellate, not original.

       It is the essential criterion of appellate jurisdiction, that it revises and corrects the proceedings in a cause already instituted, and does not create that cause. Although, therefore, a mandamus may be directed to courts, yet to issue such a writ to an officer for the delivery of a paper, is in effect the same as to sustain an original action for that paper, and, therefore, seems not to belong to appellate, but to original jurisdiction. Neither is it necessary in such a case as this, to enable the court to exercise its appellate jurisdiction.

       The authority, therefore, given to the Supreme Court, by the act establishing the judicial courts of the United States, to issue writs of mandamus to public officers, appears not to be warranted by the constitution; and it becomes necessary to enquire whether a jurisdiction, so conferred, can be exercised.

       The question, whether an act, repugnant to the constitution, can become the law of the land, is a question deeply interesting to the United States; but happily, not of an intricacy proportioned to its interest. It seems only necessary to recognize certain principles, supposed to have been long and well established, to decide it.

       That the people have an original right to establish, for their future govern-ment, such principles as, in their opinion, shall most conduce to their own happiness, is the basis on which the whole American fabric has been erected. The exercise of this original right is a very great exertion; nor can it, nor ought it, to be frequently repeated. The principles, therefore, so established, are deemed fundamental. And as the authority from which they proceed is supreme, and can seldom act, they are designed to be permanent.

       This original and supreme will organizes the government, and assigns to different departments their respective powers. It may either stop here, or establish certain limits not to be transcended by those departments.

       The government of the United States is of the latter description. The powers of the legislature are defined and limited; and that those limits may not be mistaken, or forgotten, the constitution is written. To what purpose are powers limited, and to what purpose is that limitation committed to writing, if these limits may, at any time, be passed by those intended to be restrained? The distinction between a government with limited and unlimited powers is abolished, if those limits do not confine the persons on whom they are imposed, and if acts prohibited and acts allowed, are of equal obligation. It is a proposition too plain to be contested, that the constitution controls any legislative act repugnant to it; or, that the legislature may alter the constitution by an ordinary act.

       Between these alternatives there is no middle ground. The constitution is either a superior, paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, and, like other acts, is alterable when the legislature shall please to alter it.

       If the former part of the alternative be true, then a legislative act contrary to the constitution is not law: if the latter part be true, then written constitutions are absurd attempts, on the part of the people, to limit a power in its own nature illimitable.

       Certainly all those who have framed written constitutions contemplate them as forming the fundamental and paramount law of the nation, and consequently, the theory of every such government must be, that an act of the legislature, repugnant to the constitution, is void.

       This theory is essentially attached to a written constitution, and is, conse-quently, to be considered, by this court, as one of the fundamental principles of our society. It is not therefore to be lost sight of in the further consideration of this subject.

       （下接下篇，待续）

推荐动画片。

       IN the nursery a unmber of toys lay strewn about：high up，on the wardrobe，stood the Money-box，it was of clay in the shape of a little pig；of course the pig had a slit in its back，and this slit had been so enlarged with a knife that whole dollar-pieces could slip through；and，indeed，two such had slipped into the box，besides a number of pence．The Money-pig was stuffed so full that it could no longer rattle，and that is the highest point a Money-pig can attain．There it stood upon the cupboard，high and lofty，looking down upon everything else in the room．It knew very well that what it had in its stomach would have bought all the toys，and that's what we call having self-respect．

       The others thought of that too，even if they did not exactly express it，for there were many other things to speak of．One of the drawers was half pulled out， and there lay a great handsome Doll，though she was somewhat old，and her neck had been mended．She looked out and said，

       “Shall we now play at men and women，for that is al-ways something？”

       And now there was a general uproar，and even the framed prints on the walls turned round and showed that there was a wrong side to them；but they did not do it to protest against the proposal．

       It was late at night；the moon shone through the window-frames and gave free light．Now the game was about to begin，and all，even the children's Go-Cart，Which certainly belonged to the coarser playthings，were invited to take part in the sport．

       “Each one has his own peculiar value，”said the Go-Cart：“we cannot all be noblemen．There must be some who do the work，as the saying is．”

       The Money-pig was the only one who received a writ-ten invitation，for he was of high standing，and they were afraid he would not accept a verbal message．

       Indeed，he did not answer to say whether he would come，nor did he come：if he was to take a part，he must enjoy the sport from his own home；they were to arrange accordingly，and，so they did．

       The little toy theatre was now put up in such a way that the Money-pig could look directly in．They wanted to begin with a comedy，and afterwards there was to be a tea party and a discussion for mental improvement，and with this latter part they began immediately．The Rocking-Horse spoke of training and race，the Go-Cart of railways and steam power，for all this belonged to their profession，and it was something they could talk about．The Clock talked politics-ticks-ticks-and knew what was the time of day，though it was whispered he did not go correctly；the Bamboo Cane stood there，stiff and proud，for he was conceited about his brass ferrule and his silver top，for being thus bound above and below；and on the sofa lay two worked Cushions，pretty and stupid．And now the play began．

       All sat and looked on，and it was requested that the audience should applaud and crack and stamp according as they were gratified．But the Riding-Whip said he never cracked for old people，only for young ones who were not yet married．

       “I crack for everything，”said the Cracker．

       And these were the thoughts they had while the play went on．The piece was worthless，but it was well played；all the characters turned their painted side to the audience，for they were so made that they should only be looked at from that side，and not from the other；and all played wonderfully well，coming out quite beyond the lamps，because the wires were a little too long，but that only made them come out the more．The mended Doll was so affected that she burst at the mended place in her neck，and the Money-pig was so enchanted in his way that he formed the resolution to do something for one of the players，and to remember him in his will as the one who should be buried with him in the family vault when matters were so far advanced．

       It was true enjoyment，so that they quite gave up the thoughts of tea，and only carried out the idea of mental recreation．That's what they called playing at men and women；and there was no malice in it，for they were only playing；and each one thought of himself and of what the Money-pig might think；and the Money-pig thought farthest of all，for he thought of making his will and of his burial．And when might this come to pass？Certainly far sooner than was expected．Crack！it fell down from the cup-board-fell on the ground，and was broken to pieces；and the pennies hopped and danced：the little ones turned round like tops，and the bigger ones rolled away，particularly the one great Silver Dollar who wanted to go out into the world．And he came out into the world，and they all succeeded in doing so．The pieces of the Money-pig were put into the dust-bin；but the next day a new Money-pig was standing on the cupboard：it had not yet a farthing in its stomach，and therefore could not rattle，and in this it was like the other．But that was a beginning-and with that we will make an end．

关于春天的诗句英语翻译

       迪士尼经典动画

       1937/12/21 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs（白雪公主）CLASSICS-1

       1940/02/07 Pinocchio（木偶奇遇记）CLASSICS-2

       1940/11/13 Fantasia（幻想曲）CLASSICS-3

       1941/10/23 Dumbo（小飞象）CLASSICS-4

       1942/08/13 Bambi（小鹿斑比）CLASSICS-5

       1943/02/06 Saludos Amigos（致候吾友）CLASSICS-6

       1945/02/03 The Three Caballeros（三骑士）CLASSICS-7

       1946/04/20 Make Mine Music（为我谱上乐章）CLASSICS-8

       1947/09/27 Fun and Fancy Free（米奇与魔豆）CLASSICS-9

       1948/05/27 Melody Time（旋律时光）CLASSIC-10

       1949/10/05 The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad（伊老师与小蟾蜍大历险）CLASSICS-11

       1950/02/15 Cinderella（仙履奇缘）CLASSICS-12

       1951/07/28 Alice in Wonderland（爱丽丝梦游仙境）CLASSICS-13

       1953/02/05 Peter Pan（小飞侠）CLASSICS-14

       1955/06/16 Lady and the Tramp（**与流氓）CLASSICS-15

       1959/01/29 Sleeping Beauty（睡美人） CLASSICS-16

       1961/01/25 101 Dalmatians（101忠狗）CLASSICS-17

       1963/12/25 The Sword in the Stone（石中剑）CLASSICS-18

       1967/10/18 The Jungle Book（森林王子）CLASSICS-19

       1970/12/24 The Aristocats（猫儿历险记）CLASSICS-20

       1973/11/08 Robin Hood（罗宾汉） CLASSICS-21

       1977/03/11 The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh（小熊维尼历险记）CLASSICS-22

       1977/06/22 The Rescuers（救难小英雄）CLASSICS-23

       1981/07/10 The Fox and the Hound（狐狸与猎狗）CLASSICS-24

       1985/07/24 The Black Cauldron（黑神锅传奇）CLASSICS-25

       1986/07/02 The Great Mouse Detective（妙妙探）CLASSICS-26

       1988/11/18 Oliver & Company（奥丽华历险记）CLASSICS-27

       1989/11/17 The Little Mermaid（小美人鱼）CLASSICS-28

       1990/11/16 The Rescuers Down Under（救难小英雄澳洲历险记）CLASSICS-29

       1991/11/22 Beauty and the Beast（美女与野兽）CLASSICS-30

       1992/11/25 Aladdin（阿拉丁）CLASSICS-31

       1994/06/15 The Lion King（狮子王）CLASSICS-32

       1995/06/23 Pocahontas（风中奇缘）CLASSICS-33

       1996/06/21 The Hunchback of Notre Dame（钟楼怪人）CLASSICS-34

       1997/06/27 Hercules（大力士）CLASSICS-35

       1998/06/19 Mulan（花木兰）CLASSICS-36

       1999/06/18 Tarzan（泰山）CLASSICS-37

       2000/01/01 Fantasia/2000（幻想曲2000）CLASSICS-38

       2000/12/15 The Emperor's New Groove（变身国王）CLASSICS-39

       2001/06/15 Atlantis: The Lost Empire（失落的帝国）CLASSICS-40

       2002/06/21 Lilo & Stitch（星际宝贝）CLASSICS-41

       2002/11/27 Treasure Planet（星银岛）CLASSICS-42

       2003/11/01 Brother Bear（熊的传说）CLASSICS-43

       2004/04/02 Home on the Range（放牛吃草）CLASSICS-44

       2005/11/04 Chicken Little（四眼天鸡）CLASSICS-45

       2007/03/30 Meet the Robinsons（未来小子）CLASSICS-46

       2008/11/26 Bolt（闪电狗）CLASSICS

       迪士尼电脑动画

       1995/11/22 Toy Story（玩具总动员）DISNEY / PIXAR

       1998/11/25 A Bug's Life（虫虫危机）DISNEY / PIXAR

       1999/11/24 Toy Story 2（玩具总动员2）DISNEY / PIXAR

       2000/05/19 Dinosaur（恐龙）DISNEY

       2001/11/02 Monsters, Inc.（怪兽电力公司）DISNEY / PIXAR

       2003/05/30 Finding Nemo（海底总动员）DISNEY / PIXAR

       2004/11/05 The Incredibles（超人特攻队）DISNEY / PIXAR

       2005/08/19 Valiant（鸽战总动员）DISNEY / Vanguard

       2005/04/14 The Wild（野蛮任务）DISNEY / CORE Technologies

       2006/06/09 Cars（汽车总动员） DISNEY / PIXAR

       2008/06/29 Ratatouille（美食总动员）DISNEY/PLXAR

       2008/06/27 Wall-E（机器人总动员）DISNEY/PLXAR

       2009/05/29 Up（飞屋环游记）DISNEY/PLXAR

       2009/07/24 G-Fource（豚鼠特工队）DISNEY / Jerry Bruckheimer

       迪士尼**版动画

       1990/08/03 Ducktales: The Movie - Treasure of the Lost Lamp（唐老鸭俱乐部之失落的神灯）

       1995/04/07 A Goofy Movie（高飞狗）

       1999/03/26 Doug's 1st Movie（阿德日记**版）

       2000/02/11 The Tigger Movie（跳跳虎历险记）

       2001/02/16 Recess: School's Out（下课后**版）

       2002/02/15 Return to Never Land（梦不落帝国）

       2003/02/14 The Jungle Book 2（森林王子2）

       2003/03/21 Piglet's Big Movie （小猪大行动）

       2004/01/16 Teacher's Pet （酷狗上学记**版）

       2005/02/11 Pooh's Heffalump Move（小熊维尼之长鼻怪大冒险）

       迪士尼真人动画

       1946/11/02 Song of the South（南方之歌）

       1949/01/19 So Dear to My Heart（悠情伴我心）

       1964/08/29 Mary Poppins（欢乐满人间）

       1971/10/07 Bedknobs and Broomstick（飞天万能床）

       1977/11/03 Pete's Dragon（妙妙龙）

       1988/06/22 Who Framed Roger Rabbit（威探闯通关）Touchstone Released

       迪士尼模型动画

       1993/10/13 The Nightmare Before Christmas（圣诞夜惊魂）Touchstone Released

       1996/05/25 James and the Giant Peach（飞天巨桃历险记）

       迪士尼影音产品 (未公映)

       1994/05/20 The Return of Jafar（贾方复仇记）

       1996/08/13 Aladdin and the King of Thieves（阿拉丁和大盗之王）

       1997/08/04 Winnie the Pooh's Most Grand Adventure（小熊维尼寻找罗宾）

       1997/11/11 Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas（美女与野兽：贝儿的心愿）

       1998/08/25 Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World（风中奇缘2：伦敦之旅）

       1998/10/08 The Lion King 2: Simba's Pride（狮子王2：辛巴的荣耀）

       1999/11/09 Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas（米老鼠温馨圣诞）

       2000/02/29 An Extremely Goofy Movie（极限高飞）

       2000/09/19 The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea（小美人鱼2：重返大海）

       2001/02/27 Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure（**与流氓2：狗儿逃家记）

       2002/02/26 Cinderella II: Dreams Come True（仙履奇缘2：美梦成真）

       2002/03/19 The Hunchback of Notre Dame II（钟楼怪人2：老实钟的秘密）

       2003/01/21 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure（101忠狗续集：伦敦大冒险）

       2003/05/20 Atlantis: Milo's Return（失落的帝国：神秘的水晶）

       2003/08/26 Stitch! The Movie（星际宝贝史迪奇）

       2004/02/10 The Lion King 3: Hakuna Matata（狮子王3：没有烦恼）

       2004/03/09 Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo（小熊维尼：春天的百亩森林）

       2004/08/17 The Three Musketeers（三剑客）

       2004/11/09 Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas（米奇耶诞嘉年华）

       2005/02/01 Mulan 2（花木兰2）

       2005/06/14 Tarzan 2（泰山2）

       2005/08/30 Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch（星际宝贝2：史迪奇有问题）

       2005/09/13 Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie（小熊维尼：嘟嘟的万圣节历险）

       2005/12/13 The Emperor's New Groove 2: Kronk's New Groove（变身国王2：高刚外传）

       2006/02/07 Bambi 2（小鹿斑比2）

       2006/06/27 Leroy & Stitch（星际宝贝：终极任务）

       2006/08/29 Brother Bear 2（熊的传说2）

       2006/12/12 The Fox and the Hound 2（狐狸与猎狗2）

       2007/12/12 Cinderella 3: A Twist in Time（仙履奇缘3：时间魔法）

       梦工厂的

       动画方面

       怪兽大战外星人Monsters vs. Aliens(2009)

       功夫熊猫Kung Fu Panda(2008)

       马达加斯加2 Madagascar 2 (2008)

       怪物史莱克3 Shrek the Third (2007)

       蜜蜂大** Bee movie（2007）

       篱笆墙外 Over the Hedge (2006)

       马达加斯加 Madagascar (2005)

       超级无敌掌门狗IV：人兔的诅咒 Wallace & Gromit in

       鲨鱼故事 Shark Tale (2004)

       怪物史莱克2 Shrek 2 (2004)

       史莱克·四度空间 Shrek 4-D (2003)

       帽子里的猫 The Cat in the Hat (2003)

       小马精灵 Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (2002)

       怪物史莱克 Shrek (2001)

       小鸡快跑 Chicken Run (2000)

       勇闯黄金城 The Road to El Dorado (2000)

       蚁哥正传 Antz (1998)

       埃及王子 The Prince of Egypt (1998)

       **方面

       变形金刚2 Transformers 2：revenge of the fallen (2009)

       异形战魔怪 Monsters vs. Aliens (2009)

       不请自来（美版蔷花红莲）The Uninvited(2009)

       热带惊雷 Tropic Thunder (2008)

       变形金刚 Transformers (2007)

       香水 Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006)

       追梦女郎 Dreamgirls (2006)

       最后一吻 The Last Kiss (2006)

       足球尤物 She's the Man (2006)

       父辈的旗帜 Flags of Our Fathers (2006)

       First Flight (2006)

       美版午夜凶铃2 The Ring Two (2005)

       宛如天堂 Just Like Heaven (2005)

       红眼 Red-Eye (2005)

       梦想家 Dreamer: Inspired by a True Story (2005)

       世界大战 War of the Worlds (2005)

       赛末点 Match Point (2005)

       慕尼黑惨案 Munich (2005)

       十全主妇 The Prize Winner of Defiance Ohio (2005)

       逃出克隆岛 The Island (2005)

       The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005)

       雷蒙·斯尼奇的不幸历险 Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004)

       谁来陪我过圣诞 Surviving Christmas (2004)

       欧洲性旅行 EuroTrip (2004)

       王牌播音员 Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004)

       偶像有约 Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! (2004)

       斯戴佛的妻子们 The Stepford Wives (2004)

       终极贱靶 Envy (2004)

       拜见岳父大人2 Meet the Fockers (2004)

       幸福终点站 The Terminal (2004)

       借刀杀人 Collateral (2004)

       奔腾年代 Seabiscuit (2003)

       尘雾家园 The House of Sand and Fog (2003)

       乌龙元首 Head of State (2003)

       记忆裂痕 Paycheck (2003)

       单身男子俱乐部 Old School (2003)

       辛巴达七海传奇 Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas (2003)

       蛇行太保 Biker Boyz (2003)

       玩命911 Intermission (2003)

       奇招尽出 Anything Else (2003)

       好莱坞式结局 Hollywood Ending (2002)

       时间机器 The Time Machine (2002)

       毁灭之路 Road to Perdition (2002)

       美版午夜凶铃 The Ring (2002)

       燕尾服 The Tuxedo (2002)

       逍遥法外 Catch Me If You Can (2002)

       幽浮人种 Taken (2002)

       对垒风暴 The Last Castle (2001)

       人工智能 A.I.: Artificial Intelligence (2001)

       玉蝎子的诅咒 The Curse of the Jade Scorpion (2001)

       美丽心灵 A Beautiful Mind (2001)

       危险情人 The Mexican (2001)

       进化 Evolution (2001)

       Wilson: The Life and Death of a Hollywood Extra (2001)

       几近成名 Almost Famous (2000)

       哈拉上路 Road Trip (2000)

       重返荣耀 The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000)

       荒岛余生 Cast Away (2000)

       暗朝汹涌 The Contender (2000)

       危机四伏 What Lies Beneath (2000)

       唱好个未来 Walk the Talk (2000)

       角斗士 Gladiator (2000)

       银河追缉令 Galaxy Quest (1999)

       在梦中 In Dreams (1999)

       情书 The Love Letter (1999)

       天地大冲撞 Deep Impact (1998)

       小鹦鹉 Paulie (1998)

       魔幻小战士 Small Soldiers (1998)

       拯救大兵瑞恩 Saving Private Ryan (1998)

       断锁怒潮 Amistad (1997)

       和平缔造者 The Peacemaker (1997)

       捕鼠记 Mousehunt (1997)

       旋转城市 "Spin City" (1996)

fresh power是什么意思

       又是一年春来到，千花百卉争明媚，拂提杨柳醉春烟，让人不禁想要吟诗一首。特此整理了一系列和春天有关的诗歌，还有英语翻译，不仅还原了诗中意境，还有英文的押韵，一起看看吧。

第一首

       《春晓》孟浩然

       Spring Morning

       春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟。

       This spring morning in bed I'm lying,Not to awake till the birds are crying.

       夜来风雨声，花落知多少。

       诗词赏析

       《春晓》这首小诗，初读似觉平淡无奇，反复读之，便觉诗中别有天地。它的艺术魅力不在于华丽的辞藻，不在于奇绝的艺术手法，而在于它的韵味。整首诗的风格就像行云流水一样平易自然，然而悠远深厚，独臻妙境。千百年来，人们传诵它，探讨它，仿佛在这短短的四行诗里，蕴涵着开掘不完的艺术宝藏。

       自然而无韵致，则流于浅薄；若无起伏，便失之平直。《春晓》既有悠美的韵致，行文又起伏跌宕，所以诗味醇永。诗人要表现他喜爱春天的感情，却又不说尽，不说透，“迎风户半开”，让读者去捉摸、去猜想，处处表现得隐秀曲折。

       “情在词外曰隐，状溢目前曰秀。”（张戒《岁寒堂诗话》引）写情，诗人选取了清晨睡起时刹那间的感情片段进行描写。这片段，正是诗人思想活动的启始阶段、萌芽阶段，是能够让人想象他感情发展的最富于生发性的顷刻。诗人抓住了这一刹那，却又并不铺展开去，他只是向读者透露出他的心迹，把读者引向他感情的轨道，就撒手不管了，剩下的，该由读者沿着诗人思维的方向去丰富和补充了。写景，他又只选取了春天的一个侧面。春天，有迷人的色彩，有醉人的芬芳，诗人都不去写。他只是从听觉角度着笔，写春之声：那处处啼鸟，那潇潇风雨。鸟声婉转，悦耳动听，是美的。加上“处处”二字，啁啾起落，远近应和，就更使人有置身山阴道上，应接不暇之感。

       春风春雨，纷纷洒洒，但在静谧的春夜，这沙沙声响却也让人想见那如烟似梦般的凄迷意境，和微雨后的众卉新姿。只用淡淡的几笔，就写出了晴方好、雨亦奇的繁盛春意。这些都只是诗人在室内的耳闻，然而这阵阵春声却逗露了无边春色，把读者引向屋外广阔的大自然，使读者自己去想象屋外，去体味那莺啭花香的烂熳春光，那盎然的春意，自是阻挡不住的，你看，它不是冲破了围墙屋壁，展现在你的眼前、萦回在你的耳际了吗？这是用春声来渲染户外春意闹的美好景象。这些景物是活泼跳跃的，生机勃勃的。它写出了诗人的感受，表现了诗人内心的喜悦和对大自然的热爱。

第二首

《大林寺桃花》白居易

       Peach Blossoms in the Temple of Great Forest

       人间四月芳菲尽，山寺桃花始盛开。

       All flowers in late spring have fallen far and wide,But peach blossoms are?full-blown?on this mountainside.

       长恨春归无觅处，不知转入此中来。

       I?oft?regret spring's gone without leaving its trace;I do not know it's come up to?adorn?this place.

       重点词汇

       full-blown adj.具所有特征的；成熟的

       oft adv. [旧]?时常

       adorn ? v. ?装饰；装扮

       诗词赏析

       此诗是一首广为传诵的名作。在写景之中，寄寓着深邃的禅意。

       “人间四月芳菲尽，山寺桃花始盛开。”诗人登山时已是孟夏，正是大地春归，芳菲落尽的时候。但这高山古寺之中，因为山高地深，与平地物候自是不同。在大林寺，诗人遇上了意想不到的春景，一片桃花，正开始热烈地绽放。

       “长恨春归无觅处，不知转入此中来。”看到眼前情景，诗人感慨良多。自己曾为春光的匆匆离去而惆怅万分，却不知无尽的春色，原来转移到了佛门！当这始所未料的艳丽春景映入眼帘时，使人感到多么的惊异和欣喜！

       人间的芳菲，就是我们的名声、地位、金钱，转眼间就会凋零枯萎。世间的风光，风一吹就光了。而佛门的芳菲，却穿越时空，流光溢彩，亘古长新。这佛门的芳菲，就是充满了灵性的觉醒的生命。佛教流传迄今，已经两千五百多年。今天，全世界无数的人，依然在佛禅智慧的芳菲中，找到了心灵的陶冶与寄托。

       作为一个禅人，读这首诗时，也充满着感动。我们每个人的生命，如同人间的芳菲，早晚会尘归尘，土归土。但是，如果我们的法身慧命能在弟子们的身上传承，佛门的光景就会亘古常新，以它永恒的风光，接引着芸芸众生。

第三首

《春夜喜雨》节选杜甫

       Happy Rain on a Spring Night (Excerpts)

       好雨知时节，当春乃发生。

       Good rain knows its time right;It will fall when comes spring.

       随风潜入夜，润物细无声。

       With wind it steals in night;Mute, it moistens each thing.

       重点词汇

       loom v.赫然耸现；（尤指）令人惊恐地隐现；显得突出；逼近? n. 织布机

       saturated adj.湿透；浸透；（溶液）饱和的；（颜色）深的；浓的

       诗词赏析

       诗一开头，杜甫就赞美春夜所下的雨是“好雨。”为什么是“好雨”?因为在春季农作物非常需要雨水的滋润。农谚云:“春雨贵如油。”正反映了春雨的宝贵。由于成都地处“天府之国”的四川盆地，气候温和，雨量充足，一到春天虽然常常晚上下雨，但次日却又有明媚的阳光。这就正如诗人在另一首诗中所描绘的:“蜀天常夜雨，江槛已朝晴。”(《水槛遣心二首》)在正需要雨水之时，雨就降下来了，它是“知时节”的，所以“当春乃发生”。这种为万物生长所必须的“及时雨”，真是难得的好雨!这两句诗，是采取拟人化的手法进行描绘的。把无情作有情，把无知当有知，杜甫作诗常常如此。这里把春雨当作有知觉的，故它能根据需要，应时而降。诗中的“知”字和“乃”字，一呼一应，极为传神，诗人喜雨的心情跃然纸上。

       接着，第三、四两句既描写了春雨的动态，又传出了它的润物之神。因为好雨下在夜里，故诗人着重是从“听觉”上去描绘雨景的。雨细而不能骤，随夜色而逐渐隐没。它悄悄而来，默默无声，不为人们所觉察，故称为“潜入夜”。这样不声不响地下的雨，当然是滋润万物的细雨。“细无声”，正好恰当地表现了它的可贵精神。这里的“潜”字和“细”字都用得准确、贴切，前者透露出风很微，后者说明了雨极小。这恰如仇兆鳌所说:“曰潜、曰细，写得脉脉绵绵，于造化发生之机，最为密切。”(《杜诗详注》卷十)

       第五、六两句是进一步从“视觉”上描绘夜雨景色。“野径”指田野间的小路，是指地上;“云”是指天空。由于晚上正在下雨，所以浓云密布，群星潜藏，月色无光，天空和地上都是一团漆黑，正说明雨意正浓。而一片墨黑的世界里，唯有江边船上放射出一线光芒，并且显得格外明亮。这是一幅极其生动的雨中夜景图。诗人在这里所用的“俱”字和“独”字，都是为了突出这种景象。而在这种景象之中，也包含了诗人自己惊喜的感情。

       最后两句是写雨后晓景。是第二天的事。天明雨霁，整个成都城都是耀眼的繁花，花朵沉甸甸地抬不起头来。令人目不暇接，心旷神怡。至此，诗人对喜雨的感情达到了高潮，于是“花重锦官城”的诗句冲口进发而出，真是“通体精妙，后半尤有神”。放王嗣奭说:“束语‘重’字妙，他人不能下。”(《杜臆》卷四)

       这首诗描写细腻、动人。诗的情节从概括的叙述到形象的描绘，由耳闻到目睹，自当晚到次晨，结构谨严。用词讲究。颇为难写的夜雨景色，却写得十分耀眼突出，使人从字里行间。呼吸到一股令人喜悦的春天气息。这首诗题虽是《春夜喜雨》)，但是全诗不露喜字，却又始终充满喜意。显然，诗人这种感情的产生绝不是出于一时的冲动，而有其现实基础。据史书记载，在他写作此诗的前一年，京畿一带就有严重灾荒，“米斗至七千钱，人相食”(《资治通鉴·唐纪》)。因此，杜甫一听到雨声，就感到无限喜悦，这喜悦恰好反映了诗人关心人民疾苦的崇高的思想感情。

第四首

       《忆江南》白居易

       Dreaming of the Southern Shore

       江南好，

       Fair Southern shore,

       风景旧曾谙。

       With scenes I adore.

       日出江花红胜火，

       At sunrise riverside flowers redder than fire,

       春来江水绿如蓝。

       In spring green waves grow as blue as sapphire,

       能不忆江南？

       Which I can't but admire.

       重点词汇

       sapphire n. ?蓝宝石；宝蓝色；天蓝色

诗词赏析

       泛忆江南，兼包苏、杭，写春景。全词五句。一开口即赞颂“江南好！”正因为“好”，才不能不“忆”。“风景旧曾谙”一句，说明那江南风景之“好”不是听人说的，而是当年亲身感受到的、体验过的，因而在自己的审美意识里留下了难忘的记忆。既落实了“好”字，又点明了“忆”字。接下去，即用两句词写他“旧曾谙”的江南风景：“日出江花红胜火，春来江水绿如蓝。”“日出”“春来”，互文见义。春来百花盛开，已极红艳；红日普照，更红得耀眼。在这里，因同色相烘染而提高了色彩的明亮度。春江水绿，红艳艳的阳光洒满了江岸，更显得绿波粼粼。作者把“花”和“日”联系起来，为的是同色烘染；又把“花”和“江”联系起来，为的是异色相映衬。江花红，江水绿，二者互为背景。于是红者更红，“红胜火”；绿者更绿，“绿如蓝”。

       杜甫写景，善于着色。在明媚的春光里，从初日、江花、江水、火焰、蓝叶那里吸取颜料，兼用烘染、映衬手法而交替综错，又济之以贴切的比喻，从而构成了阔大的图景。不仅色彩绚丽，耀人眼目；而且层次丰富，耐人联想。题中的“忆”字和词中的“旧曾谙（ān）”三字还说明了此词还有一个更重要的层次：以北方春景映衬江南春景。

       全词以追忆的情怀，写“旧曾谙”的江南春景。而此时，作者却在洛阳。比起江南来，洛阳的春天来得晚。在江南“日出江花红胜火”的季节，洛阳却“花寒懒发”，只有魏王堤上的柳丝，才透出一点儿春意。花发得比江南晚，水也有区别。洛阳有洛水、伊水，离黄河也不远。但即使春天已经来临，这些水也不可能像江南春水那样碧绿。因此作者竭力追忆江南春景，从内心深处赞叹“江南好”，而在用生花妙笔写出他“旧曾谙”的江南好景之后，又不禁以“能不忆江南”的眷恋之情，收束全词。这个收束既托出身在洛阳的作者对江南春色的无限赞叹与怀念，又造成一种悠远而又深长的韵味。

第五首

《江南春》杜牧

       Spring on the Southern Rivershore

       千里莺啼绿映红，水村山郭酒旗风。

       Orioles sing for miles amid red blooms and green trees;By hills and rills wine shop streamers wave in the breeze.

       南朝四百八十寺，多少楼台烟雨中。

       Four hundred eighty splendid temples still remain;Of Southern Dynasties in the mist and rain.

       诗词赏析

       首句“千里莺啼绿映红”。诗一开头，诗人放开视野，由眼前春景而想象到整个江南大地。千里江南，到处莺歌燕舞，桃红柳绿，一派春意盎然的景象。

       第二句“水村山郭酒旗风”。“山郭”山城。指修建在山麓的城池。“酒旗”指古代酒店外面挂的幌子。这一句的意思是说，在临水的村庄，依山的城郭，到处都有迎风招展的酒旗。

       第三句“南朝四百八十寺”，“南朝”指东晋以后隋代以前的宋、齐、梁、陈四个朝代，都建都于建康（今江苏南京），史称南朝。“四百八十寺”是形容佛寺很多。

       第四句“多少楼台烟雨中”。“烟雨”即如烟般的蒙蒙细雨。这句的意思就是说无数的楼台全笼罩在风烟云雨中。这里，诗人不用“寺”，而又改换成了“楼台”，这不仅是为了避免用词重复，更主要的是适应“烟雨”这样的环境。

       杜牧特别擅长于在寥寥四句二十八字中，描绘一幅幅绚丽动人的图画，呈现一种深邃幽美的意境，表达一缕缕含蓄深蕴的情思，给人以美的享受和思的启迪。《江南春》反映了中国诗歌与绘画中的审美是超越时空的、淡泊洒脱的、有着儒释道与禅宗“顿悟”的思想，而它们所表现的多为思旧怀远、归隐、写意的诗情。

       fresh power

       新的力量

       例句:

       1.And some commenters framed this as a fresh power grab by the obama administration.

       一些评论人士则将此举视为奥巴马政府一次新的权力争夺。

       2.In time, this fresh supply will take market power away from china.

       迟早，这些新产能会从中国手中夺取市场话语权。

       3.In time, this fresh supply will take market power away from china. For the chinese, rare earths are simply not rare enough.

       不久之后，新的稀土供应市场将甩开中国，届时，对于中国人来说，稀土便不再那么“稀有”了。

       4.When riders go into hard workouts feeling fresh and snappy the speeds and power produced and exceptional.

       当骑手们在进行艰苦的训练时所感受到的新鲜；敏捷的速度；充沛的力量及异常的感觉。

       5.At least six members of mr blair's outgoing cabinet are facing the axe as the new prime minister attempts to mark a fresh start for the labour government, in power for 10 years.

       布莱尔内阁中，至少6名成员可能被撤换，因为新首相将努力为执政10年的工党政府开创一个新的起点。

       好了，今天关于“time framed”的话题就讲到这里了。希望大家能够对“time framed”有更深入的认识，并从我的回答中得到一些启示。如果您有任何问题或需要进一步的信息，请随时告诉我。